1791: The optical telegraph (semaphore machine) was unveiled in Paris.

1836: Texas was proclaimed a republic.

1882: Robert MacLean tried unsuccessfully to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor.

1930: Novelist DH Lawrence died in France of tuberculosis.

1958: A British team led by Vivian Fuchs completed the first crossing of the Antarctic, covering 2,158 miles from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea in 99 days.

1969: The French-built supersonic airliner Concorde made its maiden flight from Toulouse.

1970: Southern Rhodesia broke away from Britain and became a republic.

1986: The Queen signed the Australia Bill in Canberra, formally severing any Australian constitutional ties with Britain.

1988: A new political party was born when Liberals merged with the Social Democrats to form the Social and Liberal Democrats.

1994: Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean retired from competitive skating.